Lack of Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lack of Control - Essay Example Faulkner, as usual, plays with his narrative style to reveal the story of a woman representing the victimized generation in South America after the civil war. This paper looks at how lack of control on the part of these characters led to their tragedy, and also tries to see how they could have avoided their misfortunes. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is full of irony. This one hour story is capable of revealing events stretching to many years. Mrs. Mallard is a heart patient. Richard, her husband’s friend, brings the news of Mr. Mallard’s death, but he and Josephine, her sister, hesitate to reveal the tragic news, thinking that Louise’s weak heart may not be capable of receiving such shocking news. When it is finally revealed, Mrs. Mallard shuts herself in a room and she communicates herself only with nature outside. It is from this correspondence with nature that the readers have to surmise what happened in her married life. Mrs. Mallard at last feels â€Å"free, free, free†, but Brently, her husband, returns and at the sight of him she dies. Louise is a victim of the male dominated society. There was nothing which she could control in her life to achieve happiness. â€Å"THE thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge†, says the narrator (Poe). How the revenge is carried out is the actual story. Poe does not reveal the injuries. The sense of urgency to be avenged is all that he indicates at the beginning of the story. The drunken Fortunato is led through a series of chambers beneath Montresor’s palazzo. â€Å"Its walls had been lined with human remains, piled to the vault overhead, in the fashion of the great catacombs of Paris† (Poe). He is then tied to a wall and a new wall is plastered on him, thus burying him alive. Fortunao could have controlled himself, but no man can anticipate such cruel revenge. The chronology of the events given in the story, â€Å"A

The Impact Of Intellectual Properties Protection Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Intellectual Properties Protection Essay Some of the aims and objectives of the project include: Determine the responsibility and functioning of the intellectual property domain in the IT and automobile industry. The manner in which each type of Intellectual property (IP) instrument could be applied in the software and automobile industry. The extent and level of protection various other intellectual property rights instruments (such as copyrights, database protection, IC protection, trade secrets, designs, trademarks, etc) that could be provided. The obstacles, hurdles, ideas, conceptions, etc, that could oppose the implementation of the various intellectual property instruments for protection in the software and automobile fields. The impact and scope patents and other intellectual property right instruments could have in the IT and automobile industry. Determining the ways in which IP could act as a hindrance to the development of the software and the automobile fields To promote an inter-professional relationship that could exist between IP, management, technology and law. To equip the stakeholders in the technological field about the way they could protect their applications or intelligence of their mind. To suggest potential ways in which the hindrance and monotony caused by IP could be removed in the software and the automobile industry. To promote healthy competition between organizations in the field of technology such that it would be a win-win situation for them and for the public. The application of antitrust laws in the field of IP especially for patent nonuse To determine the circumstances under which Procedures used to benefit the public (such as revocation of the patent and compulsory licensing) can be imposed (especially to ensure that a healthy competition exists in the market). Technology is improving each and every day.   It is very important that IP is protected completely so that the owner reaps the fruits of the intellectual labor.   Each intellectual property instrument (such as patent, copyright, trade secrets, designs, trademarks, database protection, chip protection, etc) tries to protect certain aspects of technology.   For example patents try to protect the revolutionary aspect (such as inventions), whereas Semi-conductor protections tries to protect evolutionary aspects (as the development in semi-conductor technology is incremental in nature).   To a certain extent the trademark and copyright laws flow automatically and several other IP instruments have to compulsorily be registered.  Ã‚   However, copyrights may not offer complete protection (it may also be difficult to apply copyrights to the field of software or the internet as websites and software is constantly updated).   A certain amount of trade secret is lost whenever an emp loyee quits a company. A company’s intellectual property forms a very important resource.   However, the company should be able to determine the nature of its resources and the manner in which it could be exploited.   A company with a good IP strategy could gain a competitive edge in the industry to a certain extent and within varying periods of time (depending on its competitiveness). It can be seen that a company having a single patent would have a distinct advantage in the market.   The opponents of the company may begin to take up alternative strategies that may be ineffective in nature, consume a lot of time or prove to be very costly.   A company should conduct a SWOT analysis of its IP situation.   Even small corporate are beginning to identify IP as an invaluable assets and are using it to enable growth.   The key to success of a company would be to manage it IP resources effectively (through proper identification, maintenance, evaluation, protection, sharing and utilization). In such a competitive age, could the IT and the automobile industry ignore IP and related laws?   I do feel that this could be a very good research question, and each and every aspect including past cases, benefits and limitations of each IP instrument and the manner in which a company could develop an effective IP strategy may be discussed.   Even the potential ways in which the IP owner could misuse his/her laws could be suggested, so that unhealthy competition or monotony is created in the market.   In such circumstances, the law-makers need to bring about certain laws that would create a balance between public interest and the owner of the IP. A company can possess various IP’s and in different fields.   The IP may be a technology which is new and revolutionary or a slight modification of evolution of current technology.   Some of the IP’s that a company could possess include patents, copyrights, database protection, designs protection, trademarks, IC protection, trade secrets, etc.   A company can protect it’s IP in several ways:- Use the trade-secret mechanism to protect its IP (in this way the company would just be protecting its property and not be using it to gain extensive profits). Disclose its IP to the appropriate statutory authorities and obtain relevant IP registrations. Protect it’s IP through contractual means (e.g. licensing of a software) – The contract for use may be for a certain periods of time or may be restricted for use within a certain geographical area. Contents Table of Cases -Table of Statues I.e. 1.Chapter one: Literature Review 1.1. Introduction to intellectual property 1.1.1. What is inventions and what’s not? 1.1.2. Protecting inventions 1.2. Forms of intellectual properties protection 1.3. Cost of the protection, durability, and its effectiveness 1.4. Confidentiality 1. Chapter two: Need to Protect IP in the software and the automobile industry 2.1.1. Secrecy and confidentiality 2.1.2. Need to reward the owner for helping develop and advance technology for the benefit of the society 2.1.3. Creating a health business environment in the Market 2.1.4. Public Benefit (duty of the patent owner to make known new and useful technology for the benefit of the public i.e. to work the invention, and not to wrongfully suppress or hide the technology from the public after obtaining a patent from the patent office), Relevant cases Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.; Pfizer V. Government of India [434 US 308 (1978)]; Remington Products V. North American Philips corporation; Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. [504 U.S. 451 (1992)]; Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case, etc. 3.1. Chapter three: Ways in which the different IP instruments could be implemented and the level of protection provided by each instrument 3.1.1. Patents 3.1.2. Copyrights 3.1.2.1. Database protection 3.1.4. Trademarks 3.1.5. Trade secrets 3.1.6. IC protection 3.1.7. A combination of these 4.1. Chapter four: Business Competition and IP 4.1.1. Instances in which IP has created a healthy competition in the Market 4.1.2. Instances in which IP has created an unhealthy competition in the Market 4.1.3. Manner in which IP has helped to develop technology further 4.1.4. Manner in which IP is acting as a hindrance to the development of technology Case Studies IBM (they currently hold the most number of patents in the US) http://www.ibm.com/ibm/governmentalprograms/ippatent.html#resources; Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/about/legal/intellectualproperty/default.mspx; Dell 5.1. Chapter five: Problems concerning the Use of IP 5.1. 1 Public Interest 5.1.2. Unhealthy competition 5.2. Ways in which the problems could be solved 6.1. Chapter six: IP Processes in a Company 6.1.1. IP Policy 6.1.2. IP Resources at the Company 6.1.3. Planning and Strategizing 6.1.4. Monitoring and Evaluation 6.1.5. SWOT analysis 6.2. Problems-solving 6.2.1. Infringement Situations or Issues Concerning IP – Sega Enterprises V. Richards; Apple Computers V. Computer Edge, IBcos V. Barclay, Lotus V. Lotus V. Paperback, Lotus V. Borland, Whelan V. Jaslow, Computer Associates V. Altai (1992), John Richardson V. Flanders (1993), Gottschalk V. Benson (1972), Parker V. Flock (1978), in re Abele (1982), Canter Fitzgerald V. Tradition (UK), Lab Corp v Metabolite, in re Walter (1980), in re Freeman (1978), Microsoft Clipboard Application (2006), Arryhythmia Reascarhe V. Corazonix (1992), Re Alapatt (1994), Softman v. Adobe, Koch and Sterzelix-ray apparatus (1988), VICOM Application (1987), Fujistu’s Application (1997), MAI V. Peak Computers, State Bank V. Signature Financial (1998), ATT V. Excell Comm. (1999), Amazon V. Barnes and noble.com (1999), Mark and Spencer V. One in a Million (1998), Tata Tea V. Gem Lifts (D2000-1823), Novell V. CPU, IBM Text processing Appication (1989), Geodynamik device (2002), 7.1. Conclusion 7.1.1. The Future of IP in the software and automobile industry 7.1.2. The unanswered questions -Bibliography References: Calton, J. 2001, â€Å"Dissolving the Digital Dilemma: metatheory and intellectual property†, Human Systems Management, vol. 20, pp. 19-23. Edward Lowe Foundation 2003, How to Gain a Competitive Edge, [Online], Available: http://www.lowe.org/index.elf?page=ssercstoryid=8869function=story, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Kurth, A. 2005, Software/Electrical Lawyers, [Online], Available: http://www.andrews-kurth.com/Page.aspx?BD_ID=5555, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Maheswari, U. 2002, Implications of Biotechnology on Patents and Food Security, [Online], Available: http://www.altlawforum.org/Resources/lexlib/biotech, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. NSW 2007, Intellectual Property (IP), [Online], Available: http://www.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/smallbusiness/Technology+in+Business/Intellectual+Property/, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. Ramakrishna, T. 2005, Basic principles and Acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights, NLSIU, Bangalore. Ramakrishna, T. 2005, Information Technology Related Intellectual Property Rights, NLSIU, Bangalore. USPTO 2005, General Information Concerning Patents, [Online], Available: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/novelty, [Accessed: 2007, May 17]. WIPO 2007, What is Intellectual Property?, [Online], Available: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/index.html, [Accessed: 2007, May 17].

He Must and Shall Appear Essays -- God Religion Religious Bible Essays

He Must and Shall Appear The theophany is a central focus in the Old Testament. Theophany is a Greek term, meaning â€Å"Appearance of God†. Because God is transcendent and above all things spiritually, He needed to reveal Himself to His creation physically in various ways. God would appear before men of His choosing in order to bless them and have His will be done on Earth. A major theophany takes place with Abram in the book of Genesis. At this time, he is successful but has no children. The Lord told him, â€Å"’Look up at the heavens and count the stars – if indeed, you can count them.’ Then he said to him, ‘So shall your offspring be.’ (Genesis 15:5).† Abram wanted assurance that his descendants would take possession of the land, so God instructed him to bring certain animals and cut them in halves opposite each other. When the darkness loomed over the earth, God revealed Himself in flames of glory. â€Å"A smoking firepot with a blazing torch appeared and passed through the pieces (Genesis 15:17).† Abram was still without a son and decided to produce a child with his wife’s maidservant, Hagar. While he felt that this would satisfy God, he later realized that he was wrong, as their son Ishmael would become the father of the Arabs. The angel of the Lord was correct in ascertaining that the nation of Ishmael would produce great quarrels; centuries later, a prophet would come and devise a revolting religion designed to undermine God’s will on earth (salvation through the Son), while achieving the schemes of his political agenda. We saw proof that this is not what God wanted, so He established a covenant with Abram. Not only did He change his name to â€Å"Abraham† but also assured him that his descendents would be numer... ...m and bless him, for it’s through this man that the Son of Man would become the Lamb of God. The Lord appeared to Moses to use him to achieve a great goal: breaking the chains of slavery and entering the Promised Land, also a symbolic revelation of the Son breaking the chains of sin and offering eternal life in the Promised Land. Elijah was the great instrument of God who showed the Baals the power and might of God. Because Israel and Judah were being disobedient, He commissioned prophets to warn these kingdoms to change their ways or face punishment. Each and every theophany was unique and served the purpose of fulfilling the Lord’s will on Earth through people God has chosen and blessed. Works Cited: McKay, John. A History of Western Society. 7th ed. Massachusetts: Houghton Miflin, 2003. NIV Study Bible. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002.

Heart Transplant Essay

In this paper about heart transplants I will be talking about the operation, and what needs to happen before surgery. Then I will be telling you about the beginning of all transplants and who accomplished it. Then I will talk about what a heart transplant actually is. After that I will tell you what the purpose of a heart transplant is and why we use this procedure. I will talk about the safety precautions and a lot of other dangers, or things that can go wrong in or after heart surgery. Then I will tell you the problems with getting a heart transplant. After this I will describe what transplant rejection is and why it is so dangerous. The next thing I will be talking about is what medications you can take to help transplant with lower possibility of rejection. The last thing I will inform you on is who needs a transplant and why people would need to have a heart transplant. The operation The first part begins with finding a donor who is willing to give their heart for someone in need. The donors are usually involved in a horrible accident where they have become permanently brain dead or paralyzed. This is usually a result from a severe head or neck trauma. After the donor is brought in to the hospital the nurses go to work by trying to keep all of the organs functioning properly with medications and a respirator. One of the hardest parts involved with the procedure is keeping the organs alive after they are removed from the person’s body. Once this happens the surgeons and doctors go to work on keeping the organs alive until they reach the receiver by putting the heart on ice it should last six hours so they are typically flown by air plane or helicopter to get there before the organs die. Step number two This starts with removing the recipient’s damaged or diseased heart. Removing the damaged heart may be very easy or very difficult. This depends on whether the recipient has had previous heart surgery this is very common. If there has been previous surgery, cutting through the scar tissue may cause trouble and take longer for the removal of the heart to take place. Step number three This is the easiest step of the operations is the implanting of the heart to the recipitants body. This consists of five rows of stitches there job is wrong to connect the large blood vessels entering and or leaving the heart. If nothing goes wrong in, or after the surgery the patients are allowed to return in around one week. The Beginning of Heart Transplants The idea of transplanting an organ was first introduced in mythological tales in ancient times. It evolved into more than tales after they started testing transplants in animals. The first successful transplant in animals was undocumented but scientists believe it dates from the B. C era. Who was the first to complete this procedure successfully? In 1967, a human heart from one person was transplanted into the body of another by a South African surgeon named Dr. Christian Barnard in Cape Town. In early December, Dr. Barnard’s surgical team removed the heart of a 25-year-old woman who had died following an auto accident and placed it in the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man dying of heart damage. The patient survived for 18 days. Dr. Barnard had learned much of his technique from studying with the Stanford group. This first clinical heart transplantation experience stimulated world-wide notoriety, and many surgeons quickly co-opted the procedure. However, because many patients were dying soon after, the number of heart transplants dropped from 100 in 1968, to just 18 in 1970. It was recognized that the major problem was the body’s natural tendency to reject the new tissues. Over the next 20 years, important advances in discovering different types of tissues t and drugs to help accept the transplants allowed more transplant operations to take place and increased patients’ survival rates. The most notable development in this area was Jean Borel’s discovery in the mid-1970s of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus. On 6 Jan 1968, the first heart transplant in the U. S. was performed on Mike  Kaspersky who was 54. He only survived for 15 days afterwards, But this was the start of heart transplantations for Americans. Definition Heart transplantation, also called cardiac transplantation, is the replacement of a patient’s diseased or injured heart with a healthy donor heart. Purpose Heart transplantation is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or some other life-threatening heart disease. Before a doctor recommends heart transplantation for a patient, all other possible treatments for his or her disease must have been tried. The purpose of heart transplantation is to extend and improve the life of a person who would otherwise die from heart failure. Most patients who receive a new heart were so sick before transplantation that they could not live a normal life. Replacing a patient’s diseased heart with a healthy, functioning donor heart often allows the recipient to return to normal daily activities. Precautions Because healthy donor hearts are in short supply, strict rules dictate who should or should not get a heart transplant. Patients who have conditions that might cause the new heart to fail should not have a heart transplant. Similarly, patients who may be too sick to survive the surgery or the side effects of the drugs they must take to keep their new heart working would not be good transplant candidates. Patients who have any of the following conditions may not be eligible for heart transplantation: †¢ Chronic lung disease with loss of more than 40% of lung function. †¢Active infection. †¢Pulmonary hypertension. †¢Chronic lung disease with loss of more than 40% of lung function. Untreatable liver or kidney disease. †¢Diabetes that has caused serious damage to vital organs. †¢Disease of the blood vessels in the brain, such as a stroke. †¢Serious disease of the arteries. †¢Mental illness or any condition that would make a patient unable to take the necessary medicines on schedule. †¢Continuing alcohol or drug abuse. Problems with getting a heart transplant Pa tients with end-stage heart disease that threatens their life even after medical treatment may be considered to receive a heart transplant. Potential candidates must have a complete medical examination before they can be put on the transplant waiting list. Many types of tests are done, including blood tests, x rays, and tests of heart, lung, and other organ function. The results of these tests tell the doctors how serious the heart disease is and whether or not a patient is healthy enough to survive the transplant surgery. The most common and dangerous complications of heart transplant surgery are organ rejection and infection. Immunosuppressive drugs are given to prevent rejection of the heart. Most heart transplant patients have a rejection episode soon after transplantation, but doctors usually diagnose it immediately when it will respond readily to treatment. Rejection is treated with combinations of immunosuppressive drugs given in higher doses than maintenance immunosuppression. Most of these rejection situations are successfully treated. Infection can result from the surgery, but most infections are a side effect of the immunosuppressive drugs. Immunosuppressive drugs keep the immune system from attacking the foreign cells of the donor heart. However, the suppressed immune cells are also unable to adequately fight bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Microorganisms that normally do not affect persons with healthy immune systems can cause dangerous infections in transplant patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Patients are given antibiotics during surgery to prevent specific bacterial infection. Patients may also be given an antiviral drug to prevent virus infections. Patients who develop infections may need to have their immunosuppressive drugs changed or the dose adjusted.

To What Extent Are Ethical Theories Helpful When Considering the Issues Surrounding Homosexualit

To what extent are ethical theories helpful when considering the issues surrounding homosexuality? Many ethical theories can be used to discuss and interpret the issues surrounding homosexuality. I shall begin by outlining some relevant views, from the perspective of Virtue, Utilitarianism, Natural Law, Christian Ethics and Kant Christian Ethics can be separated into difference sections as there does not appear to be one single Christian view on homosexuality . At a glance, many Christians interpret passages in the Bible as condemning homosexuality and something that people should be cured of.The Protestant approach is ‘to love the sinner and hate the sin’ which would mean that the practice of homosexual acts is wrong, but homosexuals themselves ought to be loved. The Roman Catholic approach teaches similarly- there is nothing wrong with being homosexual, but a homosexual act is a sin. They would say then that a homosexual must commit themselves to celibacy, a view influ enced by Paul. There are more liberal approaches within Christianity where homosexuality is not an issue, as long as the relationship is stable and committed; the same as a heterosexual relationship.This view is also founded on Bible teachings- if God created man in his image and God is perfect, then all people are good because God made them either straight or gay. Aquinas’ Natural Law states that the purpose of sex is purely procreation and as homosexuality can never result in a child, it defies Natural Law and must be wrong. The primary precept of ‘Continuation of the species through reproduction’ is also violated by the concept of homosexuality for the same reason.It also involves sex outside of marriage which Aquinas also: Aquinas, the behind natural law also condemned homosexuality as ‘unnatural’, so natural Law clearly has very strong views against homosexuality. Utilitarianism would currently view all sexualities as viable as it is likely ther e are more gay people than people who are upset by homosexuality, therefore it is the greatest good for the greatest number. However, were the majority of earth’s population to become homosexual, Utilitarianism would no longer approve as it would not lead to the continuation of the human race, which would be not good for a great number of people.Utilitarianism holds a fairly liberal view on homosexuality, saying that there may be a situation in which there is a happier homosexual couple than a heterosexual couple, in which in fairness to the homosexual couple, it would be right to allow them the happiness of being in a relationship. However they may also say that homosexuality is currently held in a somewhat negative view by man people, and that their happiness is in question if they are an ‘outcast’ in society.The first maxim of Kant’s Categorical Imperative could be a problem with homosexuality as it implies that if you are homosexual everyone else ought to be to  . Universalisation says that we should apply homosexuality as a maxim and apply it to everyone; however this would lead to a problem, as the continuation of the species would not occur. We could however adjust this maxim for sexuality, however, this may be moving away from the absolutist nature of Kants categorical imperative. He also states that marriage is the only place in which sex may take place. However, were gay marriage to become legal Kant may approve.Fletcher’s Situation ethics encourages only the most loving thing, which would mean that the only thing that would be wrong according to it is sex without a loving commitment. This would mean that there is no problem with being homosexual and relationships are fine as long as they are loving and committed. In Christian Ethics there appear to be many contradictions in approaches to homosexuality. Where many say the Bible condemns homosexuality, others say that the most important message of the Bible is to lo ve your neighbour, which would of course include homosexuals.As well as this, there is the question of such an ancient texts’ relevance in contemporary culture. Many messages of the Bible are ignored and dismissed as culturally irrelevant, for example, many messages about the rights and roles of women, as if the Bible and the Church have managed to change the views on the role of women, they could indeed do the same for homosexuality. It could be argued that we should prioritize loving everyone over condemning homosexuality. For this reason, it isn’t a very good theory to refer to when exploring the issues of homosexuality. Natural Law, however, is much easier to understand.It has the advantage of having no room for misinterpretation and can be totally universal and absolutist. The only problem with it is that perhaps it is not in fact natural for humans to follow such strict laws. it is not liberal enough to allow for a loving relationship between homosexuals Utilitar ianism seems like a good theory to apply when looking at fairness in sexual ethics. As long as there are more homosexual people than people who dislike homosexuals and enough heterosexual people for continuation of the species to happen, all sexualities are fine and the majority of the human race ought to be content.The issue with Kant’s approach is the fact that the maxim of universalisation is difficult to apply to sexual ethics. As you can’t universalize homosexual sex as it would make continuation of the species impossible, Kant cannot condone this. However, this creates countless other problems when you think about how complex it would be to actually apply universalisation to every single aspect of sexuality. If we choose to ignore universalisation because we might not be able to continue the species at all if we were to stick to it entirely, we can then look to Kant’s rule of no sex outside marriage. This is, of course, much easier to follow.Fletcherâ€⠄¢s Situation Ethics following the cause of Agape seems the best approach to issues surrounding homosexuality. It can be universalized easily- have sex only in a loving committed relationship and is easy to remember and maintain. It does not discriminate between sexual preferences and should end with as many people happy as possible. In conclusion, there are many ways in which ethical theory can be used to address issues surrounding homosexuality. It is perfectly possible to be ethically sound and homosexual simultaneously, main problems arrive when we consider rules about procreation and the continuation of the species To What Extent Are Ethical Theories Helpful When Considering the Issues Surrounding Homosexualit To what extent are ethical theories helpful when considering the issues surrounding homosexuality? Many ethical theories can be used to discuss and interpret the issues surrounding homosexuality. I shall begin by outlining some relevant views, from the perspective of Virtue, Utilitarianism, Natural Law, Christian Ethics and Kant Christian Ethics can be separated into difference sections as there does not appear to be one single Christian view on homosexuality . At a glance, many Christians interpret passages in the Bible as condemning homosexuality and something that people should be cured of.The Protestant approach is ‘to love the sinner and hate the sin’ which would mean that the practice of homosexual acts is wrong, but homosexuals themselves ought to be loved. The Roman Catholic approach teaches similarly- there is nothing wrong with being homosexual, but a homosexual act is a sin. They would say then that a homosexual must commit themselves to celibacy, a view influ enced by Paul. There are more liberal approaches within Christianity where homosexuality is not an issue, as long as the relationship is stable and committed; the same as a heterosexual relationship.This view is also founded on Bible teachings- if God created man in his image and God is perfect, then all people are good because God made them either straight or gay. Aquinas’ Natural Law states that the purpose of sex is purely procreation and as homosexuality can never result in a child, it defies Natural Law and must be wrong. The primary precept of ‘Continuation of the species through reproduction’ is also violated by the concept of homosexuality for the same reason.It also involves sex outside of marriage which Aquinas also: Aquinas, the behind natural law also condemned homosexuality as ‘unnatural’, so natural Law clearly has very strong views against homosexuality. Utilitarianism would currently view all sexualities as viable as it is likely ther e are more gay people than people who are upset by homosexuality, therefore it is the greatest good for the greatest number. However, were the majority of earth’s population to become homosexual, Utilitarianism would no longer approve as it would not lead to the continuation of the human race, which would be not good for a great number of people.Utilitarianism holds a fairly liberal view on homosexuality, saying that there may be a situation in which there is a happier homosexual couple than a heterosexual couple, in which in fairness to the homosexual couple, it would be right to allow them the happiness of being in a relationship. However they may also say that homosexuality is currently held in a somewhat negative view by man people, and that their happiness is in question if they are an ‘outcast’ in society.The first maxim of Kant’s Categorical Imperative could be a problem with homosexuality as it implies that if you are homosexual everyone else ought to be to  . Universalisation says that we should apply homosexuality as a maxim and apply it to everyone; however this would lead to a problem, as the continuation of the species would not occur. We could however adjust this maxim for sexuality, however, this may be moving away from the absolutist nature of Kants categorical imperative. He also states that marriage is the only place in which sex may take place. However, were gay marriage to become legal Kant may approve.Fletcher’s Situation ethics encourages only the most loving thing, which would mean that the only thing that would be wrong according to it is sex without a loving commitment. This would mean that there is no problem with being homosexual and relationships are fine as long as they are loving and committed. In Christian Ethics there appear to be many contradictions in approaches to homosexuality. Where many say the Bible condemns homosexuality, others say that the most important message of the Bible is to lo ve your neighbour, which would of course include homosexuals.As well as this, there is the question of such an ancient texts’ relevance in contemporary culture. Many messages of the Bible are ignored and dismissed as culturally irrelevant, for example, many messages about the rights and roles of women, as if the Bible and the Church have managed to change the views on the role of women, they could indeed do the same for homosexuality. It could be argued that we should prioritize loving everyone over condemning homosexuality. For this reason, it isn’t a very good theory to refer to when exploring the issues of homosexuality. Natural Law, however, is much easier to understand.It has the advantage of having no room for misinterpretation and can be totally universal and absolutist. The only problem with it is that perhaps it is not in fact natural for humans to follow such strict laws. it is not liberal enough to allow for a loving relationship between homosexuals Utilitar ianism seems like a good theory to apply when looking at fairness in sexual ethics. As long as there are more homosexual people than people who dislike homosexuals and enough heterosexual people for continuation of the species to happen, all sexualities are fine and the majority of the human race ought to be content.The issue with Kant’s approach is the fact that the maxim of universalisation is difficult to apply to sexual ethics. As you can’t universalize homosexual sex as it would make continuation of the species impossible, Kant cannot condone this. However, this creates countless other problems when you think about how complex it would be to actually apply universalisation to every single aspect of sexuality. If we choose to ignore universalisation because we might not be able to continue the species at all if we were to stick to it entirely, we can then look to Kant’s rule of no sex outside marriage. This is, of course, much easier to follow.Fletcherâ€⠄¢s Situation Ethics following the cause of Agape seems the best approach to issues surrounding homosexuality. It can be universalized easily- have sex only in a loving committed relationship and is easy to remember and maintain. It does not discriminate between sexual preferences and should end with as many people happy as possible. In conclusion, there are many ways in which ethical theory can be used to address issues surrounding homosexuality. It is perfectly possible to be ethically sound and homosexual simultaneously, main problems arrive when we consider rules about procreation and the continuation of the species

Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics

Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics PET plastics or polyethylene terephthalate is used in many different products. The properties of PET makes it ideal for a number of different uses and these advantages make it one of the most common plastics available today. Understanding more about the history of PET, as well as the chemical properties, will allow you to appreciate this plastic even more. In addition, most communities recycle this type of plastic, which allows it to be used again and again. What are the chemical properties of PET? PET Chemical Properties This plastic is a thermoplastic resin of the polyester family and is commonly used in many different products, including synthetic fibers. It can exist in both a transparent and a semi-crystalline polymer, depending upon the processing and thermal history. Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer that is formed by combining two monomers: modified ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid. PET can be modified with additional polymers as well, making it acceptable and usable for other uses. History of PET The history of PET began in 1941. The first patent was filed by John Whinfield and James Dickson, along with their employer, the Calico Printers Association of Manchester. They based their invention on the earlier work of Wallace Carothers. They, working with others, created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941, which was followed by many other types and brands of polyester fibers. Another patent was filed in 1973 by Nathaniel Wyeth for PET bottles, which he used for medicines. Advantages of PET PET offers several different advantages. PET can be found in many different forms, from semi-rigid to rigid. This is largely dependent upon its thickness. It is a lightweight plastic that can be made into a number of different products. It is very strong and has impact resistant properties as well. As far as color, it is largely colorless and transparent, although color can be added, depending upon the product that it is being used for. These advantages make PET one of the most common types of plastic that is found today. Uses of PET There are many different uses for PET. One of the most common is for drink bottles, including soft drinks and more. PET film or what is called Mylar is used for balloons, flexible food packaging, space blankets, and as a carrier for magnetic tape or backing for pressure sensitive adhesive tape. In addition, it can be formed to make trays for frozen dinners and for other packaging trays and blisters. If glass particles or fibers are added to the PET, it becomes more durable and stiffer in nature. PET is largely used for synthetic fibers, also known as polyester. PET Recycling PET is commonly recycled in most areas of the country, even with curbside recycling, which is simple and easy for everyone. Recycled PET can be used in a number of different things, including polyester fibers for carpeting, parts for cars, fiberfill for coats and sleeping bags, shoes, luggage, t-shirts, and more. The way to tell if you are dealing with PET plastic is looking for the recycling symbol with the number 1 inside of it. If you are not sure that your community recycles it, simply contact your recycling center and ask. They will be happy to help. PET is a very common type of plastic and understanding its composition, as well as its advantages and uses, will allow you to appreciate it a little bit more. You most likely have lots of products in your home that contains PET, which means that you have the opportunity to recycle and allow your product to make even more products. Chances are you will touch different PET products over a dozen times today.

Similarities between A essays

Similarities between A essays At the surface, the American Revolution and the Vietnam War seem like two completely different wars. But as I looked closer, I noticed that there were many similarities between the two wars, mainly in how the losing nation was defeated. Both the British in the American Revolution and the Americans in the Vietnam War had to deal with similar difficulties. First of all, both countries were superpowers and had the best army for their time. They were not trained in the territory they were fighting in. Both wars were unpopular for the losing country at home. They also had to deal with Guerilla Warfare. But one of the most important factors contributing to their defeat was distance. America and Britain are some of the biggest superpowers the world has ever known. Each had the most high-tech and best trained armies of their time. They had a strong economy. They were one of the most feared countries during the time. Britain was undefeatable in their style of combat. They used a European style of fighting, or linear warfare. The Americans had Apache helicopters and many new types of bombs and missiles. A big threat was that the Americans had nuclear weapons. Both countries were very powerful and were some of the most feared countries ever. Both countries were unfamiliar with the territory the fought in. They were not trained to battle in the conditions they were put in. The British were used to fighting in big, open fields using linear warfare. When they got to America, they fought in the woods and in long, windy Indian trails. The climate of the south was much more hot and humid then they were used to. They were also not used to the diseases that went along with the south. The Americans in the Vietnam War were used to battling in trench warfare. When they got to Vietnam, they were battling in the jungle. They had to fight in between all the trees and look all around them to spot snipers. They also were not used to the ...

How to Measure a Vessels Beam

How to Measure a Vessel's Beam When describing the hull of a vessel three basic measurements give a rough outline of the shape of the hull. These are Length, Beam, and Draft. What Is Beam? Beam is a measurement of a vessels width. It is always measured at the widest point because it is often used to determine if passage can be safely made near an obstacle. Beam is important in determining the handling characteristics of a ship design. A narrow beam hull will run fast but will not perform well in heavy waves because of the narrow cross section. A hull which has a wider beam will be less efficient in cutting through the water because of the larger mass of water that is being displaced. This larger mass also tends to roll less. Beam can also be measured at specific points on the hull like the pilot house or cargo area but these measurements will be designated with the names of these structures. The main measurement of beam is taken at the widest point of a vessel. Naval architects use length, beam, and draft measurements to shape a hull for a specific job by using the concept of Deadrise. The three main hull measurements along with deadrise give the hull a specific shape and handling characteristics. The Origin of Beam in Ships Origin of the word comes from early wooden ship design. The large timbers that sit on top of each rib as they extend up from the keel span the whole width of the ship for strength. On top of this was a deck made of smaller boards that also acted as the ceiling for the first level cabins. From the inside, the ship resembled a house with its floor beams and exposed underside floor decking. A common way to talk about a ship was by the size of her roof beams which would tell you how wide the vessel was and how that proportion related to her length and rig. You could tell everything about a ship from the dimension of this single element of construction. How Beams Are Used Today Today, in modern ship construction, wooden beams are replaced with steel boxes which are much wider than the beams. Wooden beams may have been as wide as a person, steel beams called torsion boxes which are as wide as twenty people are set across the hull. Once this is welded together the ship becomes much more rigid because of something called a stressed skin design which makes ships strong and light. Modern cars use the same idea and use the floor pan and body to make a stiff structure that doesnt need the weight of a heavy solid frame. Another benefit of a stressed skin design is a wide open interior. In wooden ships, two interior posts rose from the chine at each rib to help support the beam which made the interior cramped. In warships, these posts were used to lash down the cannons when they werent in use. They also held the hammocks which really were used on ships of the era The space below the deck was damp and only the lower ranked men slept there. Officers and the Master had better cabins with the junior officers in the bow and the Masters cabin at the stern and raised above the deck by one or more levels. Examples You may hear someone refer to a vessel as Beamy. This means that a vessel has a wide beam in proportion to her length.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 80

Discussion - Essay Example From a personal standpoint, I understand that emotional intelligence allows people to rationalize their actions, reactions, and responses to different life experiences from time to time. For example, anger, stress, and frustration are triggered by the reaction of an individual to certain circumstances in life. Through these valuable EI elements, any person can rationalize their approach to life experiences and subsequently avert the underlying negative implications. The insights shed in the book are relevant to both home and work environments. Effective and efficient management of personal behavior results in enhanced relationships and interactions both at home and in the workplace. The essence of EI is to understand what makes a person tickle. In light of these insights, I understand that I have to approach people differently because each person exhibits diversity in regards to emotional behavior. Through EI, therefore, I am in a better position to foster functional, positive, and productive relationships in both home and work

A critical review of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S Essay

A critical review of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis - Essay Example This is a direct reference to the story of Genesis which tells of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. This referencing puts a tone of connection within the race of humanity. As Marcus Muhling put it in his book called A Theological Journey Into Narnia, â€Å"This is because in Christianity, humanity - by which is meant all people throughout history - is not just a race or a class, but an organism: all human beings are in relationship to one another.† (Muhling, p. 14) This way of classifying the four children designates them as apart from the other races of Narnia. This unifies their existence within the realm and elevates them, to a degree, to positions of exception. school associations† he could â€Å"steal past those watchful dragons† of tedious sermons and obligatory worship. By enlisting the unfettered powers of imagination, Lewis hoped to recapture the original beauty and poignancy In this way, Lewis was able to craft a story that could relate the principles of the Christian story in a way that could be easily digested by a young reader. While the biblical references could be difficult to comprehend, the fantastical one created by Lewis could be read by a child and understood, thus priming the intellectual process that could bring a deeper understanding to faith in Christ. Lucy, the heroine of the story, approaches her newfound world with innocence. She accepts what she sees and feels around her, without regard to the fantastical existence of Narnia. She exhibits faith as she walks through the wardrobe into a world that exists outside of her own world. This type of trust is indicative of the type of trust that is desired in faith for Christ. Faith is a goal should be reached without questioning the reality of the existence of God which is believed without proof through tangible evidence. and Edmund have both gone through the wardrobe to Narnia, but Peter and Susan have not been

World War II, Cold War and Post-War America Essay

World War II, Cold War and Post-War America - Essay Example United States became an ally with British and French and became involved in the war by supplying them with the military assistance. America offered weapons and other military support to those countries under the Land Lease Act and Cash and Carry Act. This allowed the renting of American military equipments during the tough war time. This was the crucial time when America was indirectly involved in the war with the other countries to overcome the Axis powers. During the early stages of World War II, America remained a neutral force which aimed its goal in providing sources and military assistance to all the other countries. Such countries were bound to come all the way to America to get their military supplies. However, America was under strict surveillance of Germany, for providing military assistance to Britain. As a result, Germany failed to defeat England in the war and moved its interest towards Soviet Union due to the presence of different resources available there. On the other hand, Japan was another state that was aggressively gaining control over Asia. Somehow, we understand that Japan was also under ‘steel deals’ with America. United States of America understood the Japanese motive behind their expansion which was greatly influenced by the Germany ideals. This moved the United States to place an Embargo on Japan for using its Steel. This adversely affected the Japanese manufacturing of military weapons and fueled the fire between Japan and US. We know that Japan was seeking to increase its power and influence in the Asian region to set the image as a main regional super power and to acquire the raw materials that the country lacked. Japan believed that it was the right time for the small county to grow and to maintain its dominance over China and other Pacific lands. Nationalism was the basic factor that was growing in Japan during 1930 just the way it was growing in Germany. The young generation of Japan was under heavily influenced of t heir leader, Hirohito. When Japan attacked China, it realized the fact that the country is fighting with two strong political wings; the Nationalists and the Communists. However, America supported the Nationalist wing but remained neutral till the very end. During the WWII, America emerged as a super power that can hold supremacy and dominancy on any nation. WWII was the war of technology and improved war-weapons. The American interests in WWII were comprised of different factors. Americans wanted to make sure about the flow of communism and at the same time, America was nervous about Japan’s increasing power in the region and about its move towards South-East Asia. American Foreign Policy would have been damaged if Japan had attacked and took over Philippine. For Americans to safeguard their interest in the region, they thought it is highly important to deploy the atomic bomb. At the same time, America was also worried about the expansionist plans of Hitler. The main interes t lied in the maintaining its supremacy and dominancy on greater part of the world. World War II has played a key role I the formation of several factors that established the foundation of modern America. It shaped the entire country in a new transition. World War II helped America to get out of economic depression, political isolation and social conservatism. The World War II also enabled America to revive its domestic policies, foreign relations and to expand itself in both social and cultural arenas in a different manner. World War I was America’s first involvement in the Europe, however, during World War II, America maintained its supremacy on the greater part of the world, expressed its military power, cultivated new alliances and shaped new diplomatic relations with the major powers. Part 2: America and

Peer Evaluations of Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Peer Evaluations of Presentation - Essay Example [Ibid.] Though it has created a negative impact on the teachers and school administrators, such impact has somehow helped in substantiating the point being highlighted in the presentation: the concept of duty (i.e. the duty of the teachers and school administrators to maintain the safety of their students). From the presentation, we find: â€Å"These teachers definitely had an obligation to help protect all of the students in the school† and â€Å"In the situation with Phoebe Prince, it is sad to see that the very people and institution that teach us right from wrong, encourage us to speak up for our safety and the safety of others, failed to protect this taunted teen.† Such statements, though negatively presented, further clarified the thesis statement: Teachers and school administrators have a duty to maintain the safety of their students. On one hand, another highlight in the presentation was the testimony â€Å"I even took an ethics and law class in college specifically for teachers. We were made well aware that it was our duty to report bullying and to deal with it in an appropriate manner.† More affirmative, this statement gives a balance, as it were, to further justify the thesis

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Sensory Perceptions - Essay Example But what is also interesting is that the brain, rather than being a passive recipient of inputs also directs and conditions the other sense organs. This makes the brain the most powerful sense organ, for it can potentially control the flow and the meaning of information that is gathered through the five basis sensory inputs. There are several factors that determine the accuracy of sensory information. The quality of the information source is one and the health of the receiving sensory organ is another. The conduciveness of the medium of transmission is also a key factor. The way these three factors interact and compound is best illustrated through the example of listening to the radio. Thrown in this mix is the nature/nurture divide that adds complexity the problem of information acquisition. Nature plays a role in that the innate intelligence and modes of survival of the species (ex. carnivorous or herbivorous) determine the necessity for perceiving relative threats, opportunities, etc. In other words, the way animals are programmed to fight or flee and what to eat and what to shun determine their capacity for perceiving select information out of all the available data. Other factors such as health condition, age, etc all have a bearing on the efficiency and accuracy with which information is gathered through the senses. (Pomerantz, 2003) Philosophers since ancient times have grappled with the nature, scope and veracity of human knowledge. In fact, the philosophical discipline of epistemology concerns itself wholly to answering such questions. Epistemologists generally agree that human knowledge is largely a product of human sensory capabilities. In other words, our capacity for knowledge is limited by the range and depth of our sense faculties in receiving and interpreting data. Thus, understanding the roles of nature and nurture are essential to the epistemological analysis. To the extent that human beings are a product

Peer Evaluations of Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Peer Evaluations of Presentation - Essay Example [Ibid.] Though it has created a negative impact on the teachers and school administrators, such impact has somehow helped in substantiating the point being highlighted in the presentation: the concept of duty (i.e. the duty of the teachers and school administrators to maintain the safety of their students). From the presentation, we find: â€Å"These teachers definitely had an obligation to help protect all of the students in the school† and â€Å"In the situation with Phoebe Prince, it is sad to see that the very people and institution that teach us right from wrong, encourage us to speak up for our safety and the safety of others, failed to protect this taunted teen.† Such statements, though negatively presented, further clarified the thesis statement: Teachers and school administrators have a duty to maintain the safety of their students. On one hand, another highlight in the presentation was the testimony â€Å"I even took an ethics and law class in college specifically for teachers. We were made well aware that it was our duty to report bullying and to deal with it in an appropriate manner.† More affirmative, this statement gives a balance, as it were, to further justify the thesis

Political Science Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political Science Paper - Essay Example They all came up with different views concerning political authority. Hobbes supported complete monarchy; Locke supported natural rights and Rousseau spoke of joint self-government in the name of "the general will" (Cohen and Fermon, p 281). This paper will discuss the social contract of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Burke; giving a clear understanding of human nature as viewed by the four philosophers and explaining whether the philosophers think that the congress is a â€Å"broken branch†. Question 1: A social contract of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Burke Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes wrote that, in the absence of political law and order, human life would result to be; solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short lived (Cohen and Fermon, p 205). This would give all individuals fundamentally the right to everything, and thus the freedom to murder, sexual assault and theft. Thomas Hobbes came up with the social contract whereby individuals came together and surrendered some of their individual rights so that others would relinquish theirs. It meant that an individual Y would give up on their right to kill for another individual Z to live. This resulted in the setting up of a state, an independent body which would create laws to control social interactions. Hobbes preferred a monarchy system. This meant that human life was thus no longer a warfare but peace towards all (Cohen and Fermon, p 206). John Locke John Locke's idea of the social contract was different from Hobbes' in several deep ways. It retained only the central notion that individuals within a state of nature would come together to form a state (Cohen and Fermon, p 243). Locke wrote that integrity linked people together in a state of nature, by The Law of Nature. They could not bring harm to one another in their lives or belongings. He stated that without the government to protect them against those looking to wound or enchain them; individuals would not be secured in their rights and freedoms. They would survive in panic. Locke quarreled that individuals would be in agreement to create a state that provided room for a government which would protect their lives, independence, and possessions of those who existed within it (Cohen and Fermon, p 244). Jean-Jacques Rousseau Rousseau's political theory differs in vital ways from that of Hobbes’ and Locke’s. Rousseau's theory of socialism stands out in his development of the "luminous conception† of the â€Å"general will† (Cohen and Fermon, p 2). In his easy of the social contract, he said that it was the foundation of political rights based upon unlimited popular dominion. Rousseau argued that liberty would only be achieved where there was direct rule by the citizens as a whole in lawmaking. This was because of the popularity of sovereignty being inseparable and absolute. Rousseau also maintained that the individuals were not familiar with their "real will," plus that an accurate society would not be bor n until a prominent leader arose to create new standards and ways of the individuals, he thought that this would be best achieved if a planned use of religion would be introduced. He termed the consummate leader as â€Å"the Legislator† (Cohen and Fermon, p 280). Edmund Burke Burke unlike Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau; spoke against democracy. He thought though it would be desired by many individuals in most regions, in his country Britain; he stated that it would be incept

Logistical and dramatic factors to be decided upon in a production of Philadelphia Essay Example for Free

Logistical and dramatic factors to be decided upon in a production of Philadelphia Essay Friel raises issues, explores them to a certain degree. However the end is left open. The play â€Å"Philadelphia, Here I Come!† is both realistic as it presents real life situation, but also expressionistic, trying to dig into Gar’s subconscious. Gar has a choice to make, ultimatum that could vary depending if S.B. was to reveal his true emotions towards his son. Gar lacks the same attribute as his father; the ability to communicate with one another. Gar also failed to make an oral impression on Katie’s father in the past and this element cost him her hand in marriage. We are presented with Private Gar and Public Gar on the stage. Public Gar is the Gar that people see, talk to and talk about. Private Gar is the unseen character, the alter ego of our main hero. Although Public Gar is the only person that can hear Private talk he never looks at him, he cannot look at his alter ego. On stage two characters play Public and Private. One utters what is acceptable and the other utters what he’d really like to say if he wasn’t so inhabited. The central struggle is not between the public and private but between Gar both private and public and his father S.B. Apples don’t fall far from the tree, also outlined in the play by Madge who describes them as â€Å"two peas† that way Gar and S.B. are very similar, they are both afraid and embarrassed of expressing themselves emotionally. Neither one of them wants to look soft nor weak in front of one another, being emotionless proves their masculinity. Gar cannot think straight talking to his father, he contradicts with his thoughts and feels awkward just like he did asking Katie’s parents for her hand in marriage. Eventually we are taken back in time via flashback where we see Gar and Katie in love, they are planning to get married although Gar doesn’t earn enough to support them both, he is afraid to ask S.B. for a rise. Friel made a very deep and realistic attempt to present an ordinary Irish family and problems they are faced with, lack of money in the sixties and most importantly the overdose of masculinity which leads to lack of communication between father and son, issue that may occur in many people’s lives. Music is used to outline the mood changes and current flow of emotions of certain characters; Gar uses a turntable to present his mood and eventually gets frustrated and changes the record to a much more dynamic track, this way author presents the emotions of characters to the audience. The piece of music seems to suggest anxiety, change, and excitement – all emotions that Gar is feeling at that particular moment. This way Brial Friel attempts to dig into Gar’s subconscious. There is a nearly institutional quality to the shades of green, and the dim overhead lighting focuses attention in the central spaces over the kitchen table and Gar’s bed in the two rooms of the split set. Almost everything happens round the kitchen table, Gar’s friends drink and talk, S.B. plays a game with Cannon, Gar talk to S.B. about irrelevant stuff. The entire play happens within twenty-four hours and we are reminded of it throughout by the highlighted clock in the kitchen and clamorous sounds of the clock ticking in between the events. This way, Friel wants to point out the inner conflict of our main hero of the play, his time is running out and eventually, it will be for him to decide whether he leaves for Philadelphia or stays in Ballybeg. This is a play about finding one’s place in the world wherever that might be. Madge clears out some of the unresolved issues by telling us how Gar’s mother died and that S.B. in fact does have feelings but is unable to show them in public, it buggers him and he couldn’t get any sleep the night before Gar’s departure â€Å"It must have been near daybreak when he got to sleep last night†. Even though Gar’s new career in Philadelphia is meant to give him a new life, with lots of money and anything he would have ever wished for. Madge sees this as a way of escaping from Ballybeg and most importantly his father, â€Å"and when he’s the age of the boss, he’ll turn out just the same. And although I won’t be there to see it, you’ll find he’s learned nothing in between time†. Another important relationship is the one between Gar and Katie; they were in a serious relationship when they were younger. Her Father, Senator Doogan refused for them to marry after Gar miserably failed to make a positive verbal impression on Katie’s father. This scene is presented with a flashback where Gar’s mind flows back in time to that particular event. Kathy and Gar are happy together in his vision, Private Gar sarcastically responds to Kathy’s concerns about their possible future and money issues, â€Å"(imitating) how will we live?† Gar often repeated Edmond Burke’s speech on French Revolution â€Å"It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the Queen of France, then the Dauphiness, at Versailles† he eventually realises that all this time he has been thinking about Kathy Doogan, this way Friel dug deep inside Gar’s subconscious by revealing his repression of emotions. In the end we don’t know whether he leaves for Philadelphia or stays in Ballybeg. Friel decided to keep the ending opened it’s for us to figure out whether he has any reason to leave or perhaps stay. In conclusion, Friel uses many stage directions to connect the audience with the characters. He presents us with Private Gar, alter ego that raises many concerns about his inner feelings, which we wouldn’t know about if Friel was to use just Public Gar. Flashback is presented to show previous events from the past in order to get deeper understanding of Gar. Music is outlined in the play to show Gar’s current emotions and their change for example we can tell his mood changes as he decides to play a much faster song. The entire play happens within twenty-four and we are reminded of it by the highlighted clock in the kitchen and clamorous sounds of it in between the scenes. Issue of the lack of communication between Gar and S.B. never gets resolved; we can tell that both of the characters suffer, as they’d like to express themselves. In the end with an open ending and not much gets resolved. It’s up to the reader to put the events in order and make personal judgement on the possible outcomes that may have resulted in the play.

Effect of Technology on Urban Spaces

Effect of Technology on Urban Spaces Emerging Enclaves of Innovation in Multimedia Services Akanksha Nayyar In understanding the complex interactions between infrastructure networks and urban spaces, Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin explore the emerging enclaves of innovation in multimedia services. The formation of these gentrifying ‘cyber’ districts is fueled by the production of internet services, digitization of design, architecture, gaming, CD-ROMs and music[1]. To be more specific, the regions that have undergone such enclave development include New York’s Silicon Alley, San Francisco’s Multimedia Gulch, and London’s Soho; to name a few. In order to thoroughly understand the influence that multimedia services have had on these urban places, this report will seek to critically analyze their economic, social and political environments. In addition, how these urban places represent an outcome of the global economy, and how they are connected both â€Å"glocally† and â€Å"globally†, will be discussed. Finally, a discussion in regards to the technologies that are important to the activities of these districts will be explored. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The economic impacts of the cyber gentrification of the regions previously mentioned possess both favorable and alarming characteristics. For starters, New York City’s most densely populated region, Manhattan, experienced the highest internet activity on the planet.[2] This paved the way for the development of its Silicon Alley ¸ which is home to a booming set of interactive media industries. 56,000 jobs from 2,200 firms were created in this sector alone, which is as much as a 105% increase between 1996 and 1998.[3] As a direct result of this, considerable investments were made in the form of restaurants, corporate retailers, property firms, loft developers, and infrastructure companies.[4] Furthermore, the city of New York has gone as far as supporting the new media enclaves with tax holidays, grants, loan funding and financial support for certain initiatives, such as â€Å"Plug ‘N’ Go†, which converts properties into internet-ready real estate[5]. On the other hand, in San Francisco’s Multimedia Gulch, we begin to see a negative economic impact. Although, surveys have shown that more than 35,000 people are now working in the multimedia industry, with the vast majority being from Multimedia Gulch, there have been several protests.[6] There have been issues regarding a lack of parking and a city bureaucracy that has made it tough for companies to expand. Moreover, real estate speculators have colonized certain districts and in turn, caused the rental costs to increase.[7] Consequently, poorer residents can no longer afford to live in their residences. This in turn, creates a larger economic disparity between low-income and medium-to-high income citizens. Based on an analysis of solely the economic environment, it becomes apparent that the job creation and increased investment levels as a result of the ‘dot-commers’ have a positive effect. That being said, however; the fact still remains that at that point in time, the internet remained as the preserve of a small global elite between two to five percent of the global population.[8] In simple terms, the rich get richer as the poor get poorer. The high-income individuals are being provided greater resources, such as the internet and communication technologies (ICT’s), to further increase their wealth.[9] Whereas the lack of access to these ICT’s by low-income individuals prohibits them from improving their financial affairs, which therefore widens the overall economic gap between each income-class.[10] SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT The creation of innovative enclaves as a result of multimedia services has also greatly impacted the social build-up of each region. The process of gentrification, wherein middle-to-upper class people take up residence in a traditionally working-class area of the city, ultimately changes the character of the area.[11] For example, often times the reconstruction of these urban neighborhoods developed a playful reputation to cater to a diverse and â€Å"chic† population, who are able to make use of various types of ethnic restaurants, art spaces and shops.[12] In the Alley, people are drawn from all corners of the earth. The cultural blend and diversity of ethnic traditions, viewpoints and value systems have enriched all lives.[13] Silicon Alley has become a model of how diversity can add strength and unity to a complex community. Furthermore, in the Multimedia Gulch, several neighborhoods were gentrified to sustain the cluttering demands of interlocking micro, small and medium-size firms in digital design, advertising gaming, publishing, fashion, music, multimedia, computing and communications.[14] At first glance, this appears to be a favorable development of a given neighborhood. However, the underlying issue is that it reinforces a class hierarchy, wherein only certain individuals have access to these new markets. The issue continues as these enclaves create two parallel communication systems: the first is suited for individuals that are socioeconomically affluent and are now being provided access to ICTs and multimedia services that provide them with information at high speeds and low costs. On the other hand, the second communication system is for less educated individuals who face barriers of cost, time, uncertainty, and ultimately depend on outdated information.[15] The coexistence of these two communi cation systems creates a fruitful future for the individuals at the top of the class hierarchy, and despair for those at the opposite end. Some of the more alarming social characteristics of these enclaves include increased stress levels for older residents of gentrifying neighborhoods. These stress levels have been associated with rises in the death rates of elderly seniors.[16] In combining both the economic and social characteristics, we begin to paint a picture wherein there is a trend towards the exclusion of poorer people from the cities. It is important to note that the whole purpose of innovative multimedia services and ICTs is that they provide us with limitless possibilities for overcoming traditional social and geographical barriers, however; it appears that this is only true for a segment of the population. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT The emergence of innovative enclaves of multimedia services also has ramifications towards their respective political environments. For instance, political coalitions such as the Yuppe Eradiction Project have surfaced in the Multimedia Gulch.[17] These coalitions are a response to the dot-com invasion and operate under the banner â€Å"The Internet killed San Francisco†. Among the issues targeted by the coalition include real estate prices, homelessness, and accentuating landscapes of social and geographical polarization.[18] The creation of these enclaves also poses a problem for decision makers in regards to the planning aspect of the city. The growths experienced in multimedia clusters and digital centers have had a great impact on issues such as car parking, among other transportation issues. In addition, decision makers are also forced to explore issues such as the ownership and control of digitized information.[19] OUTCOME OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Since the beginning of the globalization era, the world continues to seek new methods in which it can exchange information, products and services with one another. It is because of the very need for us to continuously connect and exchange with the rest of the planet that we see the emergence of enclaves of innovation in multimedia services. For example, in Soho, London, a media enclave has developed dedicated infrastructure that allows it to extend to global markets in real time. Coined â€Å"Sohonet†, the system links the tight concentration of film and media companies, television broadcasters, publishers, internet providers, graphic designers and recording studio headquarters in London directly with Hollywood film studios through seamless transatlantic fiber connections.[20] Sohonet is just one example that allows us to see how the emergence of these media enclaves is an outcome of the global economy. As more and more people around the world demand global events, such as spo rts, music, and Hollywood films, the emergence of these enclaves is inevitable. Furthermore, we see a similar enclave development in Malaysia with its $20 billion Multimedia Supercorridor (MSC).[21] The aim of the MSC is to replace Malaysia’s manufacturing-dominated economy with services, IT, media and communication industries in an effort to make it ‘Asia’s technology hub’ by 2020.[22] This example allows us to see that in an effort to become globally relevant, Malaysia has witnessed a development of its own enclave of innovation in multimedia services. ENCLAVES ON A GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRESPECTIVE Globalization allows us to see how these media enclaves are connected on a broad scale. That being said, in order to enjoy the benefits of global urbanization through multimedia and information exchange, the relationship between global and local cultures must be understood. Allen J. Scott touches upon the concept of glocal connectivity in The Cultural Economy of Cities. He asserts that many media giants seeking to develop distinctive products â€Å"insert themselves into regional cultural-economic systems†.[23] By this, Scott refers to an arrangement wherein companies create close linkages and working relations with several other firms in order to ultimately tap into the specialized skills of the local labour force. This is essentially the foundation of glocalization, wherein the concept dictates that in a global market, a product or service is more likely to succeed when it is customized for the locality or culture in which it is sold.[24] This theory allows us to see why sev eral firms cluster in certain districts such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho. In the Rise of the Creative Class by Richard Florida, he explores the idea that as the symbolic attributes of products or services becomes more important, so too do places that host firms.[25] Urban places such as the Silicon Alley, Multimedia Gulch, or Soho are adept at incorporating cultural knowledge, design distinctiveness, and fashionability into products or services. This is because these types of places draw upon the types of creative lifestyles necessary, such as talented video producers, chic advertising executives, and distinctive web designers.[26] On the other hand, we also see that these enclaves can be glocally connected in a much different way. For example, we sometimes see that there are extreme asymmetries that exist amongst the North-South relations in regards to multimedia. For instance, TV and Internet media provide a great deal of Anglo-Saxon content in developing nations as the US culture is extended through the growth of electronic connections.[27] We see this specifically with the Soho enclave. Their commitment to developing infrastructure that provides them with real time information with Hollywood and other North American multimedia services demonstrates this type of dependence. This is primarily because the local population demands it. Alternatively, we don’t see this same type of counter-dependence in the North American multimedia enclaves on Soho. This allows us to see the relationship between global and local relationships, as the concept of glocalization demonstrates that in achieving global objectives, the preferences of locality cultures must be considered. USE OF TECHNOLOGIES In considering the technologies that make the existence of these multimedia enclaves possible, it is important to acknowledge the industry’s evolution and development of infrastructure. Over the course of 20 years, the ICT industry has moved from having an insignificant presence to becoming one of the world’s fastest growing and potentially largest industries.[28] For example, Western Europe’s ICT industry accounted for 2 percent of Gross Domestic Product in 1984; this figure was expected to change to approximately 7 percent by 2000, with 60 percent of all jobs to be supported either directly or indirectly by ICTs.[29] In order to accommodate the rapid growth in this industry, a strong infrastructural foundation was required. As such, the technologies required by these cyber districts ultimately made use of the infrastructure laid out in the ‘Global Cities’ during the construction of financial enclaves, as discussed by Graham.[30] Furthermore, the tr aditionally used copper and coaxial cable links are increasingly being supplemented or completely replaced by optic fiber, wireless, microwave and highly efficient satellite systems. Cities are now being connected through giant lattices of advanced telecommunication links. More importantly, this connects the urban hubs together into the global electronic grid.[31] The connection between the local and global environments factors into our previous discussion of the everlasting need to connect and exchange with the rest of the planet. These grids provide the technological basis necessary for the flows of global telecommunication traffic, including transmissions such as voice flows, faxes, data flows, image flows, TV and video signals.[32] An important milestone to make note of is when the industry began to see interpenetration between the two existing networks of communication in these media enclaves: the traditional mass media, such as cable TV, and internet-based communication networks, such as websites. An example of this interpenetration is when the traditional mass media makes use of internet-based blogs and interactive networks in order to reach their target audiences.[33] The convergence of these two networks is a key strength that has allowed for the emergence of innovative multimedia enclaves to occur. In concluding the discussion on emerging enclaves of innovation in multimedia services, it is worthwhile to summarize. The major issues that present themselves against the emergence of these enclaves are primarily produced as a result of the gentrification process. This marginalizes the poorer citizens of the districts in question, and consequently, adds pressure on to the economic, social, and political environments of each urban place. Given that globalization necessitates, the services provided by these types of enclaves, and the benefits witnessed through the relationship between global and local cultures, it is vital for us to attempt to find a solution. As such, we begin to see a wide range of efforts by non-profit agencies, social movements, and municipalities aimed to extending access to ICTs to poorer, marginalized groups and communities.[34] This is not to rely on a simplistic ideal, or a â€Å"silver bullet†, that will serve as a solution to much more complex proble ms. However, it is a starting point that could begin to improve and potentially shorten some of the economic, social, and political gaps we see as a result of the development of these enclaves. The innovations achieved through these districts are undeniably in the best interest of society as a whole, however; consideration and care must be given to those individuals that are marginalized in the process. WORK CITED Castells, M. (2011).The rise of the network society: The information age. (2nd ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=FihjywtjTdUCoi=fndpg=PA1968dq=related:NCOsPP8QZtUJ:scholar.google.com/ots=l10pXWCS9Ysig=rTK_31NRi-n6v0pwhe_gBs9bYvA Gentrification. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentrifacation Glocalization. 2014. InMerriam-Webster.com. Retrieved March 16, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glocalization Gottlieb, J. (1999). Silicon alley..new york city. Retrieved from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring99/Gottlieb/got.html Graham, S., Marvin, S. (1996).Telecommunications and the city: Electronic spaces, urban places. Psychology Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=YNorjRJnVEMCpg=PA327lpg=PA327dq=Telecommunications+and+the+Citysource=blots=nnPRvam8Wjsig=ZxrMAa0beIJqa5cNq96BfWmXC44hl=ensa=Xei=q8AjU9zlHs2oqwHMmIGoDgved=0CGIQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=Telecommunications%20and%20the%20Cityf=false Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? conceptualizing space, place and information technology.Progress in Human Geography,22(2), Retrieved from http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/NP/IoT_ExplosionSpace_1998.pdf Graham, S. (2000). Constructing premium network spaces. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,24(1), Retrieved from http://old.geog.psu.edu/courses/geog497b/Readings/Graham.pdf Graham, S. (2000).Bridging urban digital divides? urban polarization and information and communication technologies (ICTs). (Vol. 39). New York: Carfax Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.nomads.usp.br/documentos/textos/cultura_digital/tics_arq_urb/BridgingDigitalDivide.pdf Graham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Motilities and the Urban Condition. New York: Routledge. (Chapter 3, 91-136) Graham, S., Marvin, S. (2001).Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. New York: Routledge. (Chapter 7, 329-336) Indergaard, M. (2004).Silicon alley: The rise and fall of a new media district. New York: Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=k96SAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=innovative enclaves multimedia centresots=tRvVaCTstOsig=hyiVFkjoMv8uppG9ttGTy33wVB0 Raine, G. (1999, October 31). Making sense of multimedia gulch. Retrieved from http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Making-sense-of-Multimedia-Gulch-3060560.php Sassen, S. (2001).The global city: New york, Tokyo, London. (2nd ed.). Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=PTAiHWK2BYICoi=fndpg=PR11dq=related:NCOsPP8QZtUJ:scholar.google.com/ots=BS-ErhSdN1sig=VbeYDBon1fqYmpGgIb5OsOJ54YQ [1] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [2] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [3] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [4] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [5] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [6] (Raine, 1999) [7] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [8] (Graham, 2000) [9] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [10] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [11] (Webster, 2014) [12] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [13] (Gottlieb, 1999) [14] (Graham, 1998) [15] (Graham, 2000) [16] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [17] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [18] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [19] (Indergaard, 2004) [20] (Graham Marvin, 2001) [21] (Graham, 2000) [22] (Graham, 2000) [23] (Castells, 2011) [24] (Webster, 2014) [25] (Indergaard, 2004) [26] (Indergaard, 2004) [27] (Graham, 2000) [28] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [29] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [30] (Graham, 2000) [31] (Graham Marvin, 1996) [32] (Sassen, 2001) [33] (Castells, 2011) [34] (Graham, 2000)

Corporal Punishment :: essays research papers

"The fundamental need of American education is to find ways of engaging today's children in the thrill of learning. Fear of pain has no place in that process." - The Christian Science Monitor. Because Ms. Peà ±a and I are in compliance with this statement, we have decided to bring to the attention of the community, the corporal punishment of Sinton High School. There are many effective ways of properly punishing a disobedient student, but there are also limits to certain disciplinary measures. Grant it that a student from Sinton High School may now choose their own punishment, with consent from the parents, it is up to the administrator to keep in compliance, and with in the limits. Bruises, cuts, and/or broken skin should not occur in the process of administering corporal punishment. The eight constitutional amendment clearly states that â€Å"no cruel or unusual punishment should be inflicted.† If markings are found on a student, the boundaries and law have been broken. Rupturing these boundaries surfaces the question, â€Å"Just exactly WHY are we administering the corporal punishment to students, to hurt them?† "...the use of corporal punishment in schools is intrinsically related to child maltreatment. It contributes to a climate of violence, it implies that society approves of the physical violation of children, it establishes an unhealthy norm...Its outright abolition throughout the nation must occur immediately." - U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. It has been made known to the students of Sinton High School, and now to the parents and community, that the administrators of the corporal punishment, Mr. Mike Burger, and Ms. Linda Harrison, have left numerous marks on students through corporal punishment. Many of the marks have lasted at least a week and many up to two. Physical child abuse is defined and characterized by inflicting physical injury by several means, and result in bruises and many other markings. Although the injury is not an accident the person may have not intended to hurt the child. The injury may have resulted from over-discipline or physical punishment. Dennis Randall of www.familyeducation.com once stated, in relation to the corporal punishment he received, â€Å"When I think back, I can’t remember why I was punished, and the only thing it taught me, was to loathe that teacher.† How can we teach children that violence is such a horrible thing when if, for say, they do something violent, they will get punished with violence.

Project success: success factor and success criteria Essay

1.Since the 1960s there have been an increasing number of Project Management scholars that have expressed concerns regarding the ways to manage the success or failure of a project. Crawford (2000) theorised that there are two major avenues of thought in this area being: how success is judged and the factors that contribute to the success. These two avenues were later crowned ‘success factors’ and ‘success criteria’ respectively of which both will be discussed in depth during this essay to provide an insight for future project management scholars. SUCCESS CRITERIA 2.The way by which a project is judged as to whether it is successful or not has long since been deliberated by many Project Management scholars. Crawford’s (2000) efforts to detail these criteria has helped however a better understanding is required such that each project manager or key stakeholder can choose as to what criterion will defined whether the project is a success or failure. This section will elaborate on Crawford’s (2000) studies by drawing on one of her principle advisers, Atkinson. Atkinson uses the Iron Triangle as the foundation of the work and then building on it to develop a robust methodology for success. 2 Figure 1: Iron Triangle (Atkinson, 1999) 3. Iron Triangle. Oilsen (1971) over fifty years ago stated that the Iron Triangle (Atkinson, 1999) of Time, Cost and Quality were the key success criteria for any project. This triangle was reduced to just time and budget by Wright (1997) however Turner (1993), Morris (1987), Wateridge (1998), deWit (1988), McCoy (1987), Pinto and Slevin (1988), Saarinen (1990), and Ballantine (1996) all agree that the Iron Triangle should be used albeit not exclusively. Temporary use of criteria can be used during certain parts of the project to ascertain whether or not a project is going to plan. An example of temporary criteria that was used by Meyer (1994) was the earned value method. The Earned value method in a project can demonstrate it the project is on track, specifically when earned value (what the project is worth at that time) is less than actual costs it means the project is over budget. This is countered however by deWitt (1988) that states when costs are used as a control they manage progress rather than project success. Atkinson (1999) adds that some projects may need to be bound by time; he uses a Millennium project (e.g. a computer system with a potential year 2000, Y2K, bug) as an example, if the project doesn’t meet the time constraint it could have catastrophic consequences. 4. Alter (1996) considers process and organisational goals as another measure, utilising the concept of ‘did they do it right’ and ‘did they get it right’; this gives rise to the concept of measuring success both during and after the project. Atkinson (1999) reflects this concept by the introduction of the ‘Square Root,’ which proposes three additional criteria to the Iron Triangle. The three additional criteria for determining project success are: the technical strength of the resultant system, the benefits to the 3 resultant organisation (direct benefits) and the benefits to the wider stakeholder community (indirect benefits). A detailed breakdown of the Square Root is explained in table 1. Iron Information Benefits Benefits Triangle system (organisation) (stakeholder community) Cost, Maintainability, Improved efficiency, Satisfied users, Social and Quality, Reliability, Improved effectiveness, Environmental impact. Time Validity, Increased profits, Personal development, Information– Strategic goals, Professional learning, and quality use Organisational-learning, contractors’ profits. Reduced waste Capital suppliers, content project team, economic impact to surrounding community. Table 1: The Square Root (Atkinson, 1999) Figure 2: The Square Root (Atkinson, 1999) 5. The Information System. Whilst Atkinson (1999) doesn’t detail the information system success criteria other than what is described in the table it is reasonable to suggest he was concerned with the ‘ilities’ of the project. Essentially Atkinson was considering the maintenance of the project to ensure that it was not only resourced but also governed that the information would support its continued success. 4 6. Organisational Benefits. Success of a project must not only be considered from an individual perspective, rather it must look at how it will also benefit the organisation. Table 1 presents these areas however there are two areas that must be considered individually, namely efficiency and effectiveness. Success of a project is not necessarily guaranteed due to efficiency, reducing the amount of workload due to shortening of processing won’t necessarily help without the consideration of effectiveness. Effectiveness considers whether or not the goals are being achieved thus when placed with efficiency it ensures that the goals are being achieve quickly and in full. 7. Stakeholder Community Benefits. The final area of the Square Root that Atkinson considers is the success criterion that benefits the stakeholder community. These criterion consider the wider benefits of not just the direct outcomes of the project rather this area considers the stakeholder satisfaction and the social and environmental impacts that the project provides. These areas in a house project for example are criteria that  improve the socioeconomic factors of the community around the actual house. Thus this project could use improved gardens or visual impacts of the housing project that will improve the community’s view of the suburb rather than just that particular site. These secondary and tertiary impacts provide success criteria for the project. Furthermore in the acquisition of a new aircraft for military the stakeholder community benefits that could be used as success criteria could be the level of host nation employment or involvement to improve their knowledge base. Thus whilst it may not improve the actual new aircraft it will allow the host nation to build the aircraft themselves next time that that nation wishes to purchase a new aircraft. SUCCESS FACTORS 8. Since the late 1960’s Project Management scholars have been trying to establish the factors that lead to project success (Baker, 1988) (Pinto, 1988) (Lechler, 1988), which have led to conclusions being published for project management practitioners. Despite decades of research and countless articles being written (Kloppenborg, 2000) (Morris, 1994) projects continue to disappoint stakeholders (O’Connor and Reinsborough 1992) (Standish Group, 1995) (Cooke-Davies, 2000). So what factors actually lead to successful projects? Cooke-Davies (2002) states that project success 5 factors are based upon answering three separate questions: â€Å"What factors are critical to project management success?†, â€Å"What factors a critical to individual success on a project?† and â€Å"What factors lead to consistently successful projects?† 9. What factors are critical to project management success? Cooke-Davies (2002) analysed a selection of 136 mainly European projects which varied in size and scope however had an average of $16M over a period of two years, a  detailed breakdown is at (Cooke-Davies, 2000). The analysis found a surprising differentiation between the correlation of schedule delay and cost escalation, only a small amount of cost escalation was accounted for schedule delay. This analysis found that when adequacy and maturity specific project management practices are compared with the performance of each criterion then different practices are found to correlate significantly. This correlation relates to nine factors (the first nine factors depicted at Table 1). The analysis for â€Å"Adequacy of documentation of organisational responsibilities on the project† is depicted at figure 1 with the vertical axis showing the 95% confidence interval of time predictability and the horizontal axis showing ‘not at all adequate’(1) to ‘fully adequate’(4). Essentially it shows that the more adequate the factor the more confidence can be shown that the project will achieve its schedule target. Figure 3: Adequacy of project documentation improving schedule confidence (Cooke-Davies, 2002) 6 10. What factors are critical to the success of an individual project? Cooke- Davies (2002) suggests that there is a single factor; which leads to individual project success. He states that the existence of an effective benefits delivery and management process that involves the mutual co-operation of project management and line management functions (Table 2, Factor 9). Without this factor an individual project is likely to singularly fail. Essentially this factor requires a process to which the project outcome is delivered and managed. This factor further requires the cooperation of a project team with a single goal to achieve this project benefit outcome. 11. What factors lead to consistently successful projects? Cooke-Davies (2002) now moves away from the individual project and considers that corporate functions that enable a project to succeed. Whilst this analysis was complex to derive from analysis it was found via extensive questionnaires three main factors corporate influenced the factors for project success. These three factors are identified at Table 2 (Factors 10-12) however directly relate to resourcing, feedback loops and learning from experience. 12. Resourcing (Table 2, Factor 10) being governed by corporate is essential to project success, for if a project is not able to have the right people or assets at the right time a project is unlikely to succeed. If a project management corporation sets up the correct plans, processes and procedures to ensure that each one of its subsidiary projects are adequately resourced, Davies-Cooke (2002) envisages that it is set up for success. An example of this is the development of Standard Operating Procedures for purchase of support equipment in a large-scale acquisition project. The standardisation of this resource alignment by corporate enables the factors for success later in the project. 13. Feedback loops (Table 2, Factor 11) are essential to a line manager knowing if what they are doing is appropriate and in line with the project manager and the stakeholder’s perceptions of what the project needs to succeed. Whilst it is acknowledged that if a feedback loop is too short it will tend to misguide a line manager rather than improve the chances of success. This is the job of the project manger to ensure that the loop is correct for the particular project, for example a long lead time project is suited to a larger feedback loop whereas a rapid prototype project 7 needs to have potentially daily feedback to key line managers to ensure the project is going in the right direction given the potentially fast  innovations in technology. Cooke-Davies (2002) finally proposes the success factor of learning from experience (Table 2, Factor 12). Corporations should in order to succeed implement plans, programmes, and procedures to ensure that the lessons learnt from previous projects are not re-learnt the hard way. Constantly (Pinto, 1990) (Robertson, 2006) (Baker, 1988) (Atkinson, 1999) when project scholars analyse how a project has performed it is recognised that a lot of issues that cause failure are not ground breaking rather they are just repeated with a delay loop. Thus project management corporations should endeavour to ensure that as a project is finding solutions to problems they are documented to ensure that in the next project they are not realised again. 14. These three questions relate directly back to a vicious ‘oval’ of influences as depicted by Cooke-Davies (2002) of four key elements (Figure 4). These influences from a project management, individual project and corporate area all play out to enable success of a project. Figure 4: Corporate Project Success Model (Cooke-Davies, 2002) 8 Factor F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 Factor Type Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Project Management Success Factor Individual Project Success factor F10 Corporate success factors F11 Corporate success factors F12 Corporate success factors Description Adequacy of company-wide education on the concepts of risk management. Note Factor that correlates to on time performance Maturity of an organisation’s processes for assigning ownership of risks. Factor that correlates to on time performance Adequacy with which a visible risks register is maintained. Factor that correlates to on time performance Adequacy of an up-to-date risk management plan. Factor that correlates to on time performance Adequacy of documentation of organisational responsibilities on the project. Keep project (or project stage duration) as far below 3 years as possible (1 year is better). Allow changes to scope only through a mature scope change control process. Factor that correlates to on time performance Maintain the integrity of the performance measurement baseline. Factor that correlates to on budget performance Factor that correlates to on time performance Factor that correlates to on budget performance The existence of an effective benefits delivery and management process that involves the mutual co-operation of project management and line management functions† Portfolio and programme management practices that allow the enterprise to resource fully a suite of projects that are thoughtfully and dynamically matched to the corporate strategy and business objectives A suite of project, programme and portfolio metrics that provides direct ‘‘line of sight’’ feedback on current project performance, and anticipated future success, so that project, portfolio and corporate decisions can be aligned. An effective means of ‘‘learning from experience’’ on projects, that combines explicit knowledge with tacit knowledge in a way that encourages people to learn and to embed that learning into continuous improvement of project management processes and practices. Table 2: Success Factors (Cooke-Davies, 2002) 9 CONCLUSION 15. This essay has discussed the ways to manage success of a project via two means being how it is judged and the factors that contribute to its success. The success criteria have been shown to be wide and varied however they ultimately boil down to the Iron triangle, the information system, organisational benefits, stakeholder community benefits. Furthermore the factors that lead to this success are multiple however they are mostly governed on the project mangers competence to ensure that the project is maintained within the triangle of time, cost and scope. 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alter S. Information Systems a management perspective, 2nd ed. Benjamin and Cummings, California, 1996. Atkinson RW. Effective Organisations, Re-framing the Thinking for Information Systems Projects Success, 13–16. Cassell, London, 1997. Atkinson, R., Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 17, Issue 6, December 1999, Pages 337-342, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6. Baker BN, Murphy DC, Fisher D. Factors affecting project success. In: Cleland DI, King WR, editors. Project management handbook. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley, 1988. Ballantine, J, Bonner, M, Levy, M, Martin, A, Munro, I and Powell, PL, The 3-D model of information systems successes: the search for the dependent variable continues. Information Resources Management Journal, 1996, 9(4), 5-14. Cooke-Davies TJ. 2000. Towards improved project management practice, PhD thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University. Crawford, Lynn (2000) Profiling the Competent Project Manager. In: Project Management Research at the Turn of the Millennium: Proceedings of PMI Research Conference, 21 – 24 June, 2000, Paris, France, pp. 3-15. Sylva, NC: Project Management Institute (ftp://ns1.ystp.ac.ir/YSTP/1/1/ROOT/DATA/PDF/MISC/PMI2000%20Research.pdf) de Wit, A, Measurement of project management success. International Journal of Project Management, 1988, 6(3), 164-170. Kloppenborg TJ, Opfer WA. Forty years of project management research: trends, interpretations and predictions. Proceedings of PMI research conference paris project management institute. Paris: Project Management Institute, 2000. Lechler T. 1998. When it comes to project management, it’s the people that matter: an empirical analysis of project management in germany. In:  Hartman, F., Jergeas, G., Thomas, J. editors. IRNOP III. The nature and role of projects in the next 20 years: research issues and problems. Calgary University of Calgary. pp.205–15 McCoy FA. Measuring Success: Establishing and Maintaining A Baseline, Project management Institute Seminar/Symposium Montreal Canada, Sep. 1987, 47-52. Meyer C. How the right measures help teams excel. Harvard Business Review 1994, 95-103. Morris PWG, Hough GH. The Anatomy of Major Projects. John Wiley, 1987. Morris PWG. The management of projects. London: Thomas Telford, 1994. O’Connor MM, Reinsborough L. Quality projects in the 1990s: a review of past projects and future trends. International Journal of Project Management 1992;10(2):107–14. 11 Oilsen, RP, Can project management be defined? Project Management Quarterly, 1971, 2(1), 12-14. Pinto JK, Slevin DP. Critical success factors across the project life cycle. Project Management Journal 1988;19(3):67–75. Pinto, J.K.; Mantel, S.J., Jr., â€Å"The causes of project failure,† Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on , vol.37, no.4, pp.269,276, Nov 1990, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=62322&isnumber=2268 Pinto, JK and Slevin, DP, Critical success factors across the project lifecycle. Project Management Journal, 1988, XIX, 67-75. Robertson, S. and Williams, T. Understanding project failure: using cognitive mapping in an insurance project. Southampton, UK, University of Southampton, 43pp. University of Southampton Discussion Paper Series: Centre for Operational Research, Management Sciences and Information Systems,2006. Saarinen, T, Systems development methodology and project success. Information and Management, 1990, 19, 183-193. Standish Group. 1995. Chaos. Available: http://standishgroup.com/ visitor/chaos.htm. Terry Cooke-Davies, The â€Å"real† success factors on projects, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 20, Issue 3, April 2002, Pages 185-190, ISSN 02637863, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00067-9. Turner JR. The Handbook of Project-based Management. McGraw-Hill, 1993. Wateridge, J, How can IS/IT projects be measured for success? International Journal of project Management, 1998, 16(1), 59- 63. Wright, JN, Time and budget: the twin imperatives of a project sponsor. International Journal of Project Management, 1997, 15(3), 181-186.